柱状图
柱状图多以数据间的比较为主，常见的柱状图一般是由两三个单柱图组成或者仅有一个多柱图。如果一个图表中的数据是单条的，这类单柱图在分析时最重要的是要写出其中的最大值和最小值（以下称为极值）并进行比较（横比），此外还要注意是否有相同或类似项目的比较。如果图中的项目多于四项，一般还需要写出第二大项（以下称为排序），然后再把其他剩下的项目合并成一项来写（以下称为归类）。
单柱图一般都是由几个图组成，对于第二个或其余的图，除了类似于第一个图的分析外，还应该包括两个图之间同一个点在不同时期或项目上的比较（纵比）：即哪几个数据不变，哪几个数据差距明显。此外两个图之间一般会有某种联系，还应注意分析。如果图表数目较多，在选取数据时应做相应的调整，不能取得太多，以免耽误作文的时间。
如果是多组数据组成的柱状图，处理起来难度比较大，容易纵横比混为一谈且思路不清。这种多柱图一般情况下横纵坐标会分别一个表示数量，另一个表示参比项目，每个项目上会由几个数据构成。在分析时可以以每一个数据为主线，比较其在不同项目上的数量变化；如果项目有一定的连续性（如年代、收入的由高到低等），还要写出增减的趋势。也可以以每个项目为一个单位，写出该项上的几个数据的极值，并与其他项目比较。有的多柱图以单个数据为参照物或以每个参比的项目为参照物写都可以，但有的多柱图写法是有难易之分的。根据单个数据或者项目的数量多少，建议大家把其中数量少的一个作为主线，这样比较好操作。
下面我们来看一个柱状图的处理：
题目要求是：The two graphs show the deaths and medical research funding in Australia in 1990.对于第一个图，我们可以很清楚地看到各种死亡原因中TB所占比例最高（极值），差不多是其他疾病的总和（比较）。而其他的几类致死率都不是特别高（归类），但leprosy是最低的（极值）。而从第二个图上我们可以明显看到TB方面的药物研究经费是最低的（极值），由此还可以大胆假设和第一个图的关系（联系）；与TB的费用相反的是用于艾滋病（AIDS）方面的研究经费最多（极值），大概是前者的5倍（比较）；此外图中还有值得提及的地方是用于 tropical diseases和leprosy的开销几乎是一样的（类比）。这个图分析至此差不多就把所有的内容都包括了，接下来的就是把这些句子联系到以前学过的常用单词和句式上来组织句子。先请看以下几个示范：
Deaths in Australia in 1990（millions）
【原创范例】
Among various reasons for the deaths of Australian in 1990，TB took the lead and claimed more than 1. 8 million lives, outnumbering the total mortality of all the other listed diseases.
For the remaining 5 categories of diseases, each caused a certain number of deaths, but all with a minor proportion.Leprosy, in contrast with TB, was the least fatal illness, of which only about 0.1 million persons were reported died.And the second chart illustrates the allotment of medical research funding on different kinds of disease.The most conspicuous item was TB, only 1/5 of the largest money spent on AIDS, which might account for the extremely high mortality rate by TB during the same time.
Another point worth mentioning in the second chart is that tropical diseases and leprosy were funded similarly, about 75 million.
以上是柱状图的写法，下面我们来看一下柱状图的分析示范：
这个多柱图是由男女两组数据组成，共分为纵坐标上的5个项目（不同的文凭或学位）的比较。根据前面我们所讲内容，这个图明显以男女作为比较的参照，更好操作。
【原创范例】
Nearly 100%of men held the skilled vocational diploma, which posed the most striking difference with women, about 1/9 of the figure of men. Besides, for 2 more items, postgraduate diploma and master's degree, men with these academic titles also had a predominance, and especially for the postgraduate diploma, the percentage of males，70%was significantly more than that of the opposite gender，30%.But ladies showed their advantage in the other 2 categories：those having acquired a undergraduate diploma reached 70%，2 times that of men, and as to the item of bachelor’s degree, females also had 10%more and this was the only one with the quite similar number of holders.
上文中首先是以男女的极值开始写的，这是一个差距最大的对照。然后继续写男性居多的两项，也是按顺序往下写的。接着But一转，进入到女性所占比例居多的两项，也是排序的。最后在前面反复比较的情况下提了对全图的总结。在句式上，第一句用的是定语从句，第二句是一个比较长的并列句，而第三句则用的是分号进行排比。在比较的表达上，分数、倍数、百分比等几种方式均有。这样分析数据条理清楚，表达方式又不至于单调乏味。
接下来，我们来看一种特殊的柱状图：叠加柱状图（stacked bar chart）。
这道题的题目是：The chart below shows the amount of time that 10 to 15-year-olds spend chatting on the Internet and playing on games consoles on an average school day in the UK.关于男女生上网聊天和打游戏的情况对比。“叠加柱状图”并不常见，注意仔细读图，算出叠加的差值。
【原创范例】
Boys aged between 10 and 15 clearly favour playing on games consoles over chatting online. According to the chart, while 85%of boys play computer games every day, only 55%chat online daily.Furthermore, the majority of boys play on their consoles for more than one hour each day, and 10%do this activity for four hours or more.
By contrast, girls prefer chatting online. Close to 70%of 10 to 15-year-old girls engage in online conversation each day, compared to about 50%of this cohort who play computer games.Of the girls who do play on consoles, most of them play for less than an hour, whereas most girls who chat online do so for more than one hour, and nearly 10%chat for four hours or more.
对于这道题，首先描述总量，而后将男生和女生的情况分段描述。总体来说，男生更倾向于打游戏，然后挑选有特征的数字来描述。女生的情况恰好相反（by contrast），注意女生这一段的compared to, whereas的表达，以及下划线的句型（表示最值）。
曲线图练习
A.
B.
曲线图范文
The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012，and projected consumption to 2030.
Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion（35 q）units used in 1980，rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation, from 1995 there was a steady increase.This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.
Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over the period.From 20q and 16q respectively in 1980，gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990.Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q.Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030，whereas after 2014，gas will remain stable at 25q.
In 1980，energy from nuclear, hydropower and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q. Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2q.After slight increases, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980 figure.It is expected to maintain this level until 2030，while the others should rise slightly after 2025.
Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.
曲线图小贴士
曲线图通常是用表示趋势的动态写法，因此掌握趋势描写可是很重要的。接下来，大家一起整理这些趋势表达，并练习和熟记。
A.上升/增加：
rise, increase, improve, climb, go up, soar, recover, rocket, grow, shoot up, surge, jump, double
There is an upward trend in……
experience/see/witness a rise in……
翻译练习：
1.未来的20年中，汽车拥有量有显著的增长。
____
2.在20年间，摩托车的产量呈现出上升的趋势，从2500万吨增加到5000万吨。
____
B.下降/减少：
decrease, drop, fall, decline, deteriorate, plummet, plunge, go down, halve, reduce
There is a downward trend in……
experience/see/witness a fall in..
翻译练习：
1.从1981年到2001年，拥有两辆车的家庭比重稍稍减少至43%。
____
2.在服装和食物上方面，出现了大幅下降。
____
C.持平：
level off，remain steady, equal
翻译练习：
1.到1995年，数值再次趋同，到了将近17万公里。
____
D.其他：
fluctuate, peak, reach a peak
翻译练习：
1.对于B国家来说，该区域以之前几乎同样的速度增长，到了2000年达到高峰。
____
请注意：
柱状图练习
所有的柱状图都可以分成两种情况：一种是有时间因素包含在题目中，另一种则无此要素。前者的构思方向与曲线图相似，所以可以想象成一条或多条曲线来描写。
而无时间因素的柱状图，则无法按时间顺序描写，我们需将其与其他对象进行比较。在比较的过程中，分组的概念尤为重要。比如某个柱状图中有六对柱子，每对柱子中有两根柱形，其中一根是男性的数据，另一根是女性的数据。这时候，我们就需要把它们进行合理的分组。一个极佳的办法就是根据男、女性的柱形高低来划分。举例来说，我们可以按照第一组中的两对柱子都是男性比女性高；第二组中的两对柱子恰好相反，是女性比男性高；而最后第三组中剩下的两对柱子是男、女性数据非常接近的情况来分组描写。
项目分组的另一个重要原则就是：（1）情况相似的放在一组；（2）反差较大的放在一组。这样做的好处对于前者来说，是可以用略写的方法一笔带过，避免不必要的重复。比如用句型The same situation exists in……，或者用过渡转换句型Similarly，……，或In a similar way，……，后面的描写就可以非常简略了。而对于反差较大的项目来说，我们可以找到项目之间的倍数关系。例如，同在一组的欧洲数据是非洲数据的3倍，这样我们就可利用一些倍数词（3 times, threefold, triple）及倍数表达句型来进行有力的比较。
柱状图描写时的难点为如何准确处理繁多的数据，可取的办法是在描述整体趋势或比较时列举一些特殊数据，如最高值、最低值、倍数关系值、微小变化值及零值等，使之更详细、更有针对性、更切中图表的要害，而不是把所有的数据从头到尾罗列一遍。
A.
B.
C.
柱状图范文
The bar chart compares the number of visits made by people in six age categories to hospital emergency wards in Northern Ireland in the December of 2016 and 2017.
It is clear that elderly people and the youngest children were the most frequent visitors to A&E（accident and emergency）departments. Also, there was a slight increase in the rate of emergency care attendances among all six age groups from December 2016 to December 2017.
Looking first at the older age groups, roughly 65 out of every 1000 people aged 75 and over attended A&E wards in December 2016，and this rose to almost 70 attendances per 1000-population one year later.Interestingly, those aged 65 to 74 were less than half as likely to require emergency treatment, with around 30 attendances per 1000-population in both months.
At the other end of the age scale, the figures for A&E visits by under-5s rose marginally from around 50 to approximately 52 per 1000-population over the one-year period.Children aged 5 to 15 made the fewest visits, at just over 20 per 1000-population in both months.Finally, there was almost no difference in the figures for emergency care attendances among people aged 16 to 44，45 to 64 and 65 to 74.
柱状图小贴士
数据的不同表示：
E. g.27%=slightly more than a quarter
练习：
57%=
68%=
20%=
90%=
仿写句子：
√ The number of boys who love playing computer games is roughly 3 times as large as that of girls.
√ The output of tobacco in Africa is approximately twice as large as that in Asia.
请根据以上句子，进行仿写。
用静态的方式描述图表，不妨先写大致情况，后加数据分析：
√ The distance covered by bike and air travel occupied a considerable share, with more than 15 million kilometres for each.
或者用of+群体，most of them的句型：
√ Of the girls who do play on consoles, most of them play for less than an hour, whereas most girls who chat online do so for more than one hour, and nearly 10%chat for four hours or more.（注意使用 whereas, while compared to, in comparison with等表达，表示对前后内容的比较。）
请使用图表信息，并根据以上句型，仿写句子。
GDP of Health Spending in Five Countries
