第7章 工业革命、美国独立战争和法国革命
7.1 复习笔记
I. The American Revolution
II. The French Revolution
III. Prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution
IV. The Industrial Revolution and Its Consequences
1. The Industrial Revolution
2. Its Consequences
I. The American Revolution (美国独立战争)
1. The Navigation Acts (passed in 1651) were intended to increase the prosperity of English merchants and ship builders.
1651年通过了《航海条例》，有利于英国商人和轮船制造者的发展。
2. The process (过程)
①The war broke out in April 1775.
②In October, 1777, the American army won a great battle at Saratoga, which was a turning point.
③By the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
①战争开始于1775年4月。
②1777年10月，美国军队取得萨拉托加大捷，这是美国独立战争的转折点。
③1783年《巴黎和约》，英国承认了美国的独立。
II. The French Revolution (法国革命)
1. The French Revolution broke out in 1789 and Thomas Paine published “The Rights of Man”.
2. In 1793 Britain became the chief leader of a military alliance with Austria and Prussia against revolutionary France.
3. The allies met at the Congress of Vienna and fought for the spoils of victory. England obtained Ceylon, the-Cape of Good Hope, and a number of Spanish, Dutch and French colonies.
1. 1789年，法国革命爆发，潘恩发表《人权宣言》。
2. 1793年，英国联合澳大利亚和普鲁士，反对法国革命。
3. 盟国在维也纳分赃会议上瓜分胜利品。英国得到锡兰，好望角，以及西班牙，荷兰和法国的殖民地。
III. Prerequisites for the Industrial Revolution (工业革命的必要条件)
1. The conditions for the Industrial Revolution : ①the accumulation of capital; ②the development of capitalist farming and the appearance of a labor reserve; ③the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.
2. Britain’s population grew fast in this period and the people were skilled in many different trades.
3. The English Parliament from 1760 to 1844 passed three thousand eight hundred Enclosure Acts.
1. 工业革命的必要条件：①资本的积累②资本主义农业的发展和劳动力储备③国内市场和国外市场的扩展。
2. 英国的人口增长迅速，人们对很多不同种类的贸易技术娴熟。
3. 1760-1844年的英国国会通过了3800项圈地法案。
IV. The Industrial Revolution and Its Consequences (工业革命和它的影响)
1. The Industrial Revolution (工业革命)
①During the latter half of the eighteenth century, The Industrial Revolution began.
②James Watt created a steam engine in 1769. In 1814, George Stephenson constructed the first successful steam locomotive. This made transportation much easier and more convenient.
①18世纪后半期，工业革命开始。
②1769年，詹姆斯·瓦特发明了蒸汽机。1814年，乔治·史蒂芬孙发明了第一辆蒸汽机车。这使交通变得更简单而又便利。
2. Its Consequences (它的影响)
①The industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. Britain began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner.
②Many new cities came into being and population increased.
③British goods almost achieved a monopoly position in the world market.
④The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the “factory of the world”. A factory system was established.
⑤Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classes were born.
①工业革命促进了生产的发展。英国开始更有效地生产大量的廉价商品。
②很多新城市出现，人口有所增加。
③英国商品在世界市场上几乎占据垄断地位。
④工业革命为英国“世界工厂”的地位奠定了基础。工厂生产制建立。
⑤工人被雇佣，经理成为资本家。两个对立阶级产生了。
7.2 课后习题详解
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
1. What do you know about the American Revolution and the French Revolution?
Key: American Revolution refers to the American War of Independence. It broke out in 1775 and ended in 1783. Britain recognized the independence of the United States after the War.
The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The British radicals sympathized with French revolutionists. But the British government was against them, and became the main organizer of the military alliance with Austria and Prussia. In 1815 Napoleon was defeated by the allies under Wellington at Waterloo.
2. Why did the Industrial Revolution first take place in Britain?
Key: Because Britain had some special conditions which no other country could match. These conditions are: the accumulation of capital; the development of capitalistic farming; the appearance of a labor reserve; and the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.
3. How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?
Key: The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. The British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classes were born.
Exercise 2. Explain the following terms:
1. the Treaty of Paris
Key: It was signed in 1783 by Britain and the United States after the Independent War. Britain recognized the Independence of the United States.
2. George Stephenson
Key: In 1814 he constructed the first successful Steam locomotive. This made transportation much easier and more convenient.
3. James Watt
Key: He was the famous inventor who created a steam engine in 1769. The invention and application of the steam engine played an important role in British Industrial Revolution.
4. “factory of the world”
Key: It refers to Britain after the Industrial Revolution because the Industrial Revolution promoted its development of production. Britain began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner.